The 2023 Polylactic Acid (PLA) Market Insights report is an extensive and all-encompassing document that delivers a thorough analysis of market size, shares, revenues, segmentations, drivers, trends, growth, and development. Additionally, it sheds light on limiting factors and regional industrial presence that could potentially influence market trends beyond the 2030 forecast period. The primary objective of this market research is to gain a comprehensive understanding of the industry's potential and offer insights to assist businesses in making well-informed decisions. This impressive PDF report spans over 124 pages and features a comprehensive table of contents, a directory of figures, tables, and charts, along with in-depth analysis.
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The report presents invaluable insights and strategies designed to help businesses navigate the intricate market landscape and optimize their return on investment. It provides a deep dive into the competitive landscape of the market, featuring key industry players, their market share, and competitive strategies. The Polylactic Acid (PLA) Market Insights Report also explores the drivers of market growth, encompassing factors like market demand, supply dynamics, and various technological advancements. Furthermore, it highlights the constraints that could influence the market's future growth, including technological limitations, regulatory frameworks, and political factors.
Which company holds the top position as the largest manufacturer in the global Polylactic Acid (PLA) Market?
Short Description about Polylactic Acid (PLA) Market:
The global Polylactic Acid (PLA) market size was valued at USD 1821.04 million in 2022 and is expected to expand at a CAGR of 19.05% during the forecast period, reaching USD 5185.66 million by 2028.
In the rapidly evolving digital age, the Polylactic Acid (PLA) market industry has brought about a market revolution with its innovative strategies. Through the effective utilization of market segmentation techniques, this sector has adeptly reached diverse segments based on factors such as type, application, end-user, region, and beyond.
By Type
By Application
This research focuses on the international perspective, examining key market factors that significantly influence both current and future market developments. The report encompasses various regions across the globe, including major players like the United States, Europe, China, Japan, India, Southeast Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East and Africa. By analyzing market dynamics and trends within these diverse regions, it provides a holistic view of the global market landscape, facilitating well-informed decision-making and strategic planning for businesses with a global presence.
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Why is the Polylactic Acid (PLA) Market Report 2023 Significant?
The significance of the Polylactic Acid (PLA) Market Report 2023 is multi-faceted. It offers a comprehensive insight into the global economic terrain, which is crucial in a world constantly shaped by various factors, including the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and regional conflicts. This research report spans the period from 2018 to 2030, providing a blend of quantitative and qualitative analysis. It goes beyond the mere examination of sales and revenue metrics by delving into segmented markets categorized by region, product type, and downstream industry.
By scrutinizing key factors like macroeconomic conditions, industry developments, and policies, this report becomes an essential tool for businesses and investors seeking to navigate the complex Polylactic Acid (PLA) market. Furthermore, it shines a light on technological advancements, supply chain challenges, and investment scenarios, enabling well-informed decision-making and efficient resource allocation.
In a constantly evolving global economy, the Polylactic Acid (PLA) Market Report continues to be an invaluable resource. It offers a clear and distinct portrayal of market distribution, equipping readers with the knowledge needed to adapt in this ever-changing landscape.
What questions does the Polylactic Acid (PLA) Market Research/Analysis Report provide answers to?
Some Point covered From TOC:
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1 Polylactic Acid (PLA) Market Overview
2 Global Polylactic Acid (PLA) Market Landscape by Player
3 Polylactic Acid (PLA) Upstream and Downstream Analysis
4 Polylactic Acid (PLA) Manufacturing Cost Analysis
5 Market Dynamics
6 Players Profiles
7 Global Polylactic Acid (PLA) Sales and Revenue Region Wise (2017-2022)
8 Global Polylactic Acid (PLA) Sales, Revenue (Revenue), Price Trend by Type
9 Global Polylactic Acid (PLA) Market Analysis by Application
10 Global Polylactic Acid (PLA) Market Forecast (2022-2029)
11 Research Findings and Conclusion
12 Appendix
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The degradation of PLA is contingent on many factors, including time, temperature, low-molecular-weight impurities, and catalyst concentration [ 27 ] [ 45 ] [ 46 ] . Studies found that simply modifying the purified pure polymer affects degradation. For example, acetylation of the hydroxyl end increases the decomposition temperature by 26 °C and ameliorates the decrease in molecular weight. At present, there is a general theory that the phenomenon resulting in PLA degradation is the process of simple proton-catalyzed hydrolysis chain scission [ 47 ] . Since the reaction is reversible, the purity of the polymer affects the degradation process during the synthesis reaction process, that is, the purity of the polymer can be used to explain the degradation kinetics of PLA. Furthermore, the crystallinity of the compound, as described above, determines the degradation rate and autocatalysis. When PLA is hydrolyzed and degraded in a biological environment, enzymes also participate. However, the specific role of enzymes in the reaction is currently unclear. Whether the reaction is catalyzed directly or by removing byproducts, so that the reaction is beneficial to forward progress, is not known. Supposing PLA is mainly degraded by hydrolysis, the degradation of polylactide is divided into two stages: the nonenzymatic melting of ester groups and the random scission of low-molecular-weight polymers by microorganisms to produce carbon dioxide and water [ 48 ] [ 49 ] .
Polymer PLA possesses good characteristics with regard to gloss, transparency, hand feel, and heat resistance. The dissolution of PLA depends on its degree of crystallinity. Amorphous polymers are soluble in various organic solvents, including acetone, acetonitrile, and methylene chloride. Furthermore, crystalline PLA can only be dissolved in dichloromethane or benzene at high temperatures. Mechanical properties and crystallization behavior are closely related to the molecular weight and stereochemical composition of the main chain. The hydroxy compound determines the molecular weight. The degree of crystallinity affects the degradation of PLA [ 42 ] [ 43 ] . Highly crystalline polymers last for several months, with metabolism only taking place after a few years, while polymers with low crystallinity can be decomposed in a few weeks. Glass transition (Tg) directly affects the performance of the material with respect to both use and processing [ 44 ] . The good news is that the crystalline state does not affect the Tg. Jamshidi's research found that the Tg of PLA with a molecular weight of 22,000 g mol −1 was 55 °C, which is only 5 °C away from polymers of infinite molecular weight. Impact resistance increases with increasing crystallinity and molecular weight. Pure PDLA and PLLA have a melting point (Tm) of 207 °C. When they are mixed in equal proportions, racemic crystals with better mechanical properties are formed. The Tm of this crystal is 230 °C, and ultimate tensile strength is 50 MPa. Tg and Tm are vital physical parameters with respect to the properties of polylactic acid. The heat of fusion (△Hm) of 100% pure crystals is 93.7 J g −l . Subsequent research results showed that, with low PLA content, the Tm and Tg of PLA are decreased.
PLA has very good market prospects and excellent commercial value, with a range of applications from industrial to civilian use. Interest in its mass production stems from its good performance; for example, PLA has good physical properties and can be used to yield various plastic products, such as fast-food lunch boxes, and fabrics for industrial and civilian use [ 37 ] [ 38 ] [ 39 ] [ 40 ] . Good tensile strength and ductility make it suitable for different processing means, such as melt-extrusion molding, injection molding, blown film molding, foam molding, and vacuum molding. Its good biocompatibility has led it to be widely used in the field of biochemical medicine. High-molecular-weight PLA has been used to produce non-dismantling surgical sutures and low-molecular-weight PLA as a slow-release drug-packaging agent [ 41 ] .
Although PLA has good biocompatibility and stretchability, the properties of this seemingly promising polymer are not perfect and still need to be improved [50]. For example, PLA is extremely hydrophobic. This property makes it unsuitable for drug delivery, and its low impact toughness causes it to have certain disadvantages as a material for implants in the field of bone transplantation in a high-mechanical-strength environment [51]. However, certain methods can be employed to effectively improve the above deficiencies of PLA and make it more suitable for application in various fields. As a nanocomposite, the properties of PLA can be improved by adding modified additives during synthesis, or by directly blending it with other polymers. Copolymers with low Tg and flexibility may be more suitable for use in implantable medical devices and drug-delivery systems [52][53][54]. Therefore, increasing attention is being devoted to improving the low-temperature performance and malleability of PLA. For example, polyglycolic acid(PGA) has a high melting point (228 °C) and high Tg (37 °C) [55]. Its addition can lead to an amorphous polymer with a lower Tg, and this polymer is compatible with pure polymer. Compared with l-lactide, PGA has a higher hydrolysis rate due to its increased hydrophilicity. Therefore, the copolymer of ethylene glycol (5) and lactide, which has increased hydrophilicity and flexibility, has long been used commercially in biocompatible surgical sutures. Furthermore, since the ester bond of PLA is sensitive to enzymes, it can easily be catalyzed and hydrolyzed, leading to the disadvantage of too-fast drug release in drug-delivery systems. The copolymer consisting of LA and glycolic acid in a ratio of 2:23 known as VIRYL (Ethicon Inc.) [29] improves the controlled release of the drug. The copolymer formed with ε-caprolactone (6) changes the properties from rigidity to elasticity. The Tg of poly(ε-caprolactone) is −60 °C, and its Tm is approximately 59.5 °C. When the monomer is combined with pure l-lactide, l-PLA blocks are formed that exhibit high flexibility and crystallization with a high Tm. However, to synthesize tough polymers with favorable low-temperature properties, these blocks must be sufficiently large. Grijpma used a 1:1 ratio to synthesize a block with a longer sequence, a Tg of −39 °C, and a tensile strength of 18.2 MPa. Compared with the ε-caprolactone monomer, the monomer possessed increased tensile strength ranging from 0.6 to 48 MPa; an improvement exceeding 400%. Using tin octoate as a catalyst, copolymerization of lactide with different amounts of BMD (15), which is a polymer with carboxyl functional side chains, can be used to prepare PLA.
A simpler modification method is to blend two different polymers. The blending effect is amazing. The blend shows superior physical and mechanical properties than those of the original polymer [56]. Another method is to add plasticizers. Some plasticizers, such as low-molecular-weight citric acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid, and oxalate, are blended with PLA to change its mechanical and thermodynamic properties. There are many reports on using citrate and montmorillonite (MMT) to change toughness and plasticity [57][58][59][60]. The addition of plasticizer reduces the Tg of PLA by 26 °C. Adding PEG (polyethylene glycol) to the PLA/MMT blend produces more agglomerated structures, and the elongation at break of the material remains below 5% [60]. In order to change the biocompatibility of PLA via the blending method, starch can be used [29]. This low-cost method is simpler than synthesizing copolymers, and it also changes the mechanical properties. The accretion of starch leads to a reduction in tensile strength and elongation, and enhanced water absorption, which has advantages and disadvantages, such as an increase in the brittleness of the material. The addition of plasticizers can make up for this shortcoming. The use of polyether can develop a good hydrophilic, nontoxic, biodegradable, biocompatible, and flexible polymer. Zhu and coworkers used a 1.0:1.2 molar ratio of lactide and ethylene oxide to synthesize polymerides due to their different hydrophilicity levels, making it possible to control degradation and drug release. The above-mentioned block copolymers usually have the thermal properties of the two substances of which they are constituted. Copolymers formed by polyethylene oxide (PEO) and PLA have the same mechanical properties as those of the aforementioned ε-caprolactone and PLA copolymers. However, due to the addition of PEO, the hydrophilicity of this polymer is relatively high, which leads to accelerated hydrolyzation and molecular-weight degradation. Kimura also discovered that using polypropylene oxide instead of PEO makes it possible to obtain ABA block copolymers with higher molecular weights.
The above methods change the physical and rheological performance of PLA. The crosslinking method influences the thermal and rheological properties of the material without affecting its mechanical properties. The implementation of crosslinking is very easy; the multifunctional monomer can be added during the polymerization process. For example, when crosslinking with 5,5′-bis(oxepane-2-one) (bis(E-caprolactone), so that the PLA solvent swells less, the gel fraction is greater than 96%. Furthermore, a small amount of crosslinking agents also causes coagulation, and glue fractions greater than 80% can be used to produce impact-resistant machined products. Polymer free-radical recombination is another effective method for inducing crosslinking in polymers. The formation of free radicals by peroxides has proven to be an efficient and controllable way to produce different levels of crosslinked PLA [9].
As mentioned above, the polymer can be degraded by ordinary hydrolysis of the ester bond, without enzymes. The degraded hydrolysate is nontoxic and is metabolized in the human body, subsequently being eliminated from the body through urine. PLA has good biocompatibility and degradability, which has led to its being widely used in the medical field [61][62][63][64]. In addition to being used in sutures, PLA is a bioabsorbable material and is widely used in orthopedic surgery [32][65]. Fixed devices such as dissolvable suture nets and absorbable steel plates are good examples of its medical applications. Compared with traditional metal-steel plates, PLA does not corrode bones after being implanted in the human body. Because it can be absorbed into and degraded within the body, time and money are saved, while simultaneously reducing the need for secondary operations. PLA also has great potential as a drug-delivery carrier. It can effectively control the release of drugs at the lesion site and decrease the side effects caused by drug bursts; it can also be modified to accurately deliver drugs to lesion sites, reducing side effects and improving bioavailability. This undoubtedly provides a good platform for drug-delivery systems. In the next section, we focus on applying PLA in the biomedical field [66].
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